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Managing a retail company as much time, energy and money as any different businesses. Due to this, it can be truly beneficial in the event the vendor makes an purchase of retail store software to aid the different operations in the business.

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This entry was posted on April 6, 2012 at 10:56 pm and is filed under Computer & Technology. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.

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On Feb. 24,?Rick Rashid, senior vice president of Microsoft Research, announced a new research organization called?Cloud Computing Futures?(CCF), focused on reducing the operational costs of data centers and increasing their adaptability and resilience to failure. The group, led by?Dan Reed, director of Scalable and Multicore Systems, will strive to lower hardware costs, power consumption, and the environmental impact of such facilities. Reed recently found time to discuss the new venture.

Q:What are you announcing, and why now?

Reed:?Cloud Computing Futures is a new initiative in Microsoft Research to improve the efficiency of the scalable computing hardware and software infrastructure needed to deliver cloud services. Data centers and their services have grown in size and importance as Microsoft has shifted to a software-plus-services model in which an increasing number of new applications run in part, or entirely, in the ?cloud? and are delivered to clients via the Internet.

Microsoft and other competitors, such as Yahoo, Amazon, Google, and IBM, have been building cloud-computing infrastructure and new software at a rapid pace to service the large number of potential users. Microsoft?s business now depends on an ever-expanding network of massive data centers: hundreds of thousands of servers, petabytes of data, hundreds of megawatts of power, and billions of dollars in capital and operational expenses. Because these data centers are being built with hardware and software technologies not designed for deployment at such massive scale, many of today?s data centers are expensive to build, costly to operate, and unable to provide all the services needed for emerging applications?resilience, geo-distribution, composability, and graceful recovery.

The goal of the CCF project is to identify, create, and evaluate new, potentially disruptive innovations that can enable new software and application capabilities while also reducing the cost of building and operating cloud services. The CCF project started with a key concept: treat the data center as an integrated system?a holistic entity?and optimize all aspects of hardware and software. As a result of this work, Microsoft will be able to deliver a wider range of new, innovative services more efficiently.

This work builds on deep technical partnerships and collaborations across Microsoft?Microsoft Research, Global Foundation Services, Cloud Infrastructure Services/Azure?, and product teams?and we are working with an array of hardware-technology providers and companies.

Q: From a broad perspective, what is driving the research you are pursuing?

Reed:?Two broad factors drive this research. The first is the shift by Microsoft and the software industry to delivering services along with their software. The term ?services? encompasses a broad array of Internet delivery options that extend far beyond browser access to remote Web sites. At one end are Web 1.0 applications?Hotmail^?, Messenger, search, and online commerce sites?and Web 2.0 applications?social networking, for example. An emerging suite of more sophisticated applications, such as business intelligence and rich games, are improved fundamentally when local clients are connected to services. Such connections enable entirely new features such as a new generation of immersive, interactive games; augmented-reality tools; and real-time data analysis and fusion. To provide services, a company must have a large number of computers housed in one or more data centers.

The second factor driving this research is the way cloud services and their support infrastructures are constructed. Today, they are assembled from vast numbers of PCs, packaged slightly differently, connected by the same networks used to deliver Internet services. Building data centers using standard, off-the-shelf technology was a great choice in the beginning. It let the Internet boom race ahead without the need to develop new types of computers and software systems. But the resulting data centers and software were not designed as integrated systems and are less efficient than they should be. One common analogy is that if one built utility power plants as we build data centers, we would start by going to Home Depot and buying millions of gasoline-powered generators.

Energy efficiency and green computing are always at the forefront of our research, as being in harmony with our environment is a key tenet for the group?and for Microsoft, as well.

Many researchers have seen an opportunity to make major improvements in the way data centers and cloud services are built, but this type of research and technology transfer is difficult because the efforts often cross many research disciplines. Effective research requires changes to both hardware and software, and the resulting prototypes must be constructed and tested at a scale difficult for small teams. For this reason, the CCF team is taking an integrated approach, drawing insights and lessons from Microsoft?s production services and data-center operations, and partnering with researchers and product teams worldwide.

Q: What?s the career arc that led you to focus on data centers?

Reed:?I have spent 25 years in academia, leading research groups in high-performance computing and spearheading creation of the world?s largest unclassified computing infrastructure for scientific research, the National Science Foundation?s TeraGrid. As leader of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, the birthplace of the Web browser, I also helped elevate commodity clusters as the primary computing platform for computational science. I?ve been an active leader of national science policy, having recently chaired the review of U.S. computing research policy for the federal government. This background in science and technology policy, hardware and software research, and deployment of large-scale computing infrastructure gives me the background to integrate hardware, software, applications, and policies in industry partnerships to create the next generation of cloud-services infrastructure.

Q: When did this work begin?

Reed:?The CCF project began a little over a year ago, when I joined Microsoft after meetings with?Craig Mundie?and Rick Rashid. Craig and Rick asked me to create a research-and-development team to explore the design of cloud-services infrastructure. We hired?Jim Larus?as our second member about 10 months ago and have grown rapidly since then.

Q: What do you hope to achieve in the near term, and what are your strategies for getting there?

Reed:?The commodity components and handcrafted software currently used to build cloud services introduce costly inefficiency into Microsoft?s business. Designs based on comprehensive optimization of all attributes offer an opportunity to create novel solutions that produce fundamental improvements in efficiency:

• Creating new hardware and software prototypes.
• Advancing the holistic design philosophy.
• Innovating with instrumentation and measurement, data acquisition, and analysis.
• Engaging Microsoft product groups and outward-facing properties.

Our goal is to reduce data-center costs by fourfold or greater while accelerating deployment and increasing adaptability and resilience to failures, transferring ideas into products and practice. To date, we have focused our attention on four areas, though our agenda spans next-generation storage devices and memories, new processors and processor architectures, system packaging, and software tools:

• Low-power services:?The computers (?servers?) used to support cloud services are some of the fastest, most power-hungry computers built. The common wisdom has been to use the fastest computers because the workload is potentially huge and purchasing, installing, maintaining and operating computers is a complex task, so the fewer the machines, the better. But other computers, such as laptops, are far more energy-efficient, as measured in operations per joule, and can complete a unit of work with far less electricity and less cooling. These computers are not as fast as servers, though, and more of them are required to deliver the same service.

CCF has built two server clusters using low-power, Intel Atom chips and is conducting a series of experiments to see how well they support cloud services and how much their use can reduce the power consumed by those services. For example, power-efficient computers have low-power states, such as a laptop?s sleep and hibernate modes, that greatly reduce power consumption. We have built an intelligent control system called Marlowe that examines the workload on a group of computers and decides how many of them should be asleep at any time to reduce power consumption while still meeting the service?s acceptable level of performance.

In addition, we have worked with the Hotmail^??team to evaluate the utility of low-power servers for the Hotmail^??service. These experiments?the Cooperative Expendable Micro-Slice Servers prototype?have shown that overall power consumption can be reduced compared with standard servers while still delivering the same quality of service.

• Improved networks:?The networks that connect the computers in data centers use the same hardware and software as the rest of the Internet. It is great technology, but many of the design decisions that make it possible to transmit traffic across the globe to a vast, rapidly changing collection of computers are inappropriate for a cloud-service computing infrastructure consisting of a large, but fixed, collection of computers in a single room. Data-center networks are costly and impose many constraints on communications among data-center services, making writing cloud-service software far more difficult.

We have been working with researchers from Microsoft Research on several approaches to data-center networking. The most mature of these is?Monsoon, which uses much of the existing networking hardware but replaces the software with a new set of communications protocols far better suited for a data center. This work will not only lead to more efficient networks, but by relaxing the constraints of existing networks, it also will open new possibilities to simplify data-center software and to build more robust platforms.

• Orleans software platform:?The software that runs in the data center is a complicated, distributed system. It must handle a vast number of requests from across the globe, and the computers on which the software runs fail regularly?but the service itself should not fail, even though the software is continually changing as the service evolves and new features are added. Orleans is a new software platform that runs on Microsoft?s?Windows? Azure? system and provides the abstractions, programming languages, and tools that make it easier to build cloud services.
• Future cloud applications:?To test the CCF hardware prototypes and the Orleans software platform, we are exploring future application scenarios that go beyond our current cloud workloads. These scenarios integrate many ideas from across Microsoft in areas such as computer vision, virtual reality, and natural-language processing.

Q: How do you assess the progress you have made thus far?

Reed:?We?ve gotten off to a fast start. Our initial efforts validate the approach of combining hardware and software innovation. The Marlowe system would not have been possible without building our own low-power services, and Monsoon requires both hardware and software innovation to develop a new network. We have working prototypes of both systems, and we will be demonstrating both during TechFest this year. We already are designing their successors with the benefit of our experience building and measuring these systems.

Q: What sorts of challenges are you encountering?

Reed:?Our challenges are complexity, scale, and the rapid pace of change. Complexity arises from the deep interdependence of design choices in infrastructure, hardware, service software, and applications. Changes in any one can affect the others. Hence, a major element of our work is measuring the effects of these interdependencies by constructing a series of prototypes, each of which tests one or two new ideas while holding other aspects constant. The best of these ideas then will be combined and evaluated again.

The sheer scale of cloud infrastructure makes testing ideas challenging. Many of the issues only arise at scale, and the prototypes must be large enough to be tested using realistic workloads in current environments.

Finally, the rate of ferment and change in software services means we are chasing a moving target. We must be careful not to design tomorrow?s solutions for yesterday?s applications. Hence, we are tracking the evolution of applications, just as we track the change in hardware and software technologies.

Q: Tell me about your demos in this year?s TechFest.

Reed:?The first uses low-power Intel Atom processors originally designed for use in netbooks and other mobile applications. This experiment built a server from these low-power processors to evaluate their effectiveness on typical cloud-service tasks. In addition to requiring far less energy?5 watts vs. 50 to 100 watts for a processor typically used in a data center?low-power processors also have quiescent states that consume little energy and can be awakened quickly. These states are used in the sleep and hibernate features of laptops and netbooks. With our current Atom processor, its energy consumption when running is 28 to 34 watts, but in the sleep or hibernate state, it consumes 3 to 4 watts, a reduction of 10 times in the energy consumption of idle processors.

The other demonstration highlights the power of an intelligent control system that can determine when to put a processor to sleep and when to awaken it to service the workload. This problem has two interesting challenges. The first is to estimate how many processors are necessary to handle a given workload by responding to every request in a timely manner. (By analogy, how many checkout clerks should be at the cash registers?) The second is to anticipate the workload in the near future, since it takes 5 to 15 seconds to awaken a processor from sleep and 30 to 45 seconds for hibernate. The system needs to hold some processors in reserve and to anticipate the workload 5 to 45 seconds in the future to ensure that sufficient servers are available.

We have solved this problem with a simple, closed-loop control system. It works by taking regular measurements of the system, such as CPU utilization, response time, and energy consumption; combining this data with the estimated future workload; then adjusting the number of servers in each power state.

Q: Over the long haul, if your work is successful, how will the future look different from today?

Reed:?The CCF approach is to construct a series of prototypes, each testing a small number of ideas, but driven by a coherent vision that culminates in an integrated technology suite. The result will be new hardware and software infrastructure that simplifies cloud and software-plus-services application development, lowers data-center capital and operating costs, and shapes both vendor technologies and Microsoft internal practices.

From the consumer?s perspective, if we are successful, software can be delivered in a new, better manner. You?ll still have computers?probably many more than today, in many different forms?but all of your information will be available on all of the computers, without a thought to installing or upgrading the software on any of your devices. The dividing line between what runs on your computer and what runs in the cloud will not be apparent to most users, and it might vary depending on factors such as how much battery power remains in your device or the state of the network.

From the perspective of the cloud-service provider, we expect to see many more cloud-service infrastructures scattered throughout the world, to provide better service to all countries. They will be far more power-efficient than today; the software will be more resilient, adaptive, and reliable and will require far less effort to install, maintain, and repair.

Source:?http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/news/features/ccf-022409.aspx

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Category: Cloud Business, Cloud Development, Cloud Technologies

Source: http://www.purwadhikapress.com/peering-into-future-of-cloud-computing.html

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Are you stressing over how to completely and permanently remove your AVG antivirus software from your computer system? AVG is a highly recommended piece of software, in regards to internet security because it can be downloaded free of charge. This is highly appealing to most the public. However as most people opt for the free option, as appose to the upgrade, they find the software has draw-backs. These extend to such things as system performance, regular pop-ups, unnecessary updates/system restarts and most importantly you don?t receive full protection. Due to these reasons many people choose to opt out of their services, which is more of a difficult task than meets the eye. Therefore I have written this article to talk you through it.

Uninstall AVG Antivirus

Some of the main issues with completely removing AVG is that the software tends to have multiple files that embed themselves in different parts of your PC hard drive. Also have been known to store virues and/or trogans deep inside registry, of which the Windows Add/Remove Programs software cannot get rid of by simply uninstalling AVG.

Follow the steps below to completely remove AVG Antivirus:

Step One

1. Press the Ctrl + Alt + Delete buttons at the same time.
2. Click on the Task Manger and then the Processes tab.
3. Find the AVG icon and press end process (sometimes this won?t be there, if so skip this step).

Step Two

1. Click the Start button and press the Control Panel icon.
2. Click on the Add/Remove Programs tab, or the Uninstall A Program icon.
3. Find the AVG icon and single click.
4. Press the Uninstall button.
5. Follow the procedure.
6. Don?t restart your computer.

Step Three

Making amendments to your systems registry is very dangerous to the health of your computer. If you?re not a specialist in IT I recommend getting professional help. If the wrong file gets removed then you could corrupt your entire system, leading to irreversible errors. The only other option is for you to opt for a fostware solution to remove all files for you.

1. Click the Start button and press Run.
2. Type in ?regedit? and press enter.
3. Double click the folder icon named; Hkey_CURRENT_USER and then navigate to the SOFTWARE folder.
4. Right click the folder named AVG and press delete.
5. Empty your recycle bin and then restart your computer.

That should complete the task. However on occasion it has be known that AVG can still pop up even when almost all files are removed. In this scenario I recommend seeking a 3rd party software solution. Otherwise contact the AVG support team.

Remove AVG Antivirus With Software

If you?re hesitant about playing around with your system registry then I can only recommend downloadable software to remove all the appropriate files for you. There?re many available software solutions on the web and with some research you?ll find a suitable candidate.

Finding it hard to remove AVG antivirus? Visit: Uninstall AVG Antivirus

Removing software manually can be very difficult. If you are having problems with the windows add/remove programs then you might need to download specialist uninstaller tools.

This entry was posted on September 11, 2011, 4:46 am and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

Source: http://www.a2media.org/uninstall-avg-learn-how-to-permanently-remove-avg-antivirus.html

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Posted by admin on August 10th, 2011 at 04:40am

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ApogeeInvent Announces New Business Launch Software eAffiliatePRO

Costa Mesa, CA (PRWEB) November 11, 2008

Technologies company ApogeeInvent announces the completion and launch of its latest in Business and Product Launch Software. eAffiliatePRO was designed by ApogeeInvent engineers to incorporate some of the company?s existing technology into a software package that allows new or existing companies to utilize the online consumer base.

The new software includes professional design and branding by ApogeeInvent designers. The technology also has the latest in accounting, management, and ecommerce software to get companies launched onto the Internet quickly. The shopping cart technology is secure and easy-to-use, tracking statistics through an advanced accounting and report system. Back end management software incorporated into the platform makes tracking, updating, and managing this system easy for company owners. Affiliate technology is also built into the system, allowing site replication and email creatives through which a network of affiliates can be utilized by product sellers to increase their exposure.

About ApogeeInvent

ApogeeInvent is a full solutions technologies company. Based out of the California, the company specializes in marketing technologies and SEO optimization. From building technologies platforms to assisting in company structuring and HR management, ApogeeInvent provides clients with multiple levels of assistance in growing concepts into fully functioning, profitable companies. They have been instrumental in the growth of many companies, including several Inc. 500. All programmers have experience in virtually every area of software engineering. ApogeeInvent provides a wide range of services and customized scripts, including streaming media services, embedded systems, micro controllers, hardware interface design, and robotics, while allowing clients to choose from PHP, SQL, SOAP, AJAX, XML, C++, .NET, Java Script, or Action Script.

Included in their numerous services are professional design; from creating a unique web presence for a client to designing their entire company?s branding, ApogeeInvent has created a memorable presence for numerous successful companies. They also boast an impressively swift project completion rate. The company?s Web 2.0 compliant software, its assigning of an experienced software engineering team to each project, and its extensive code base library allows ApogeeInvent to complete projects in about half the time as competing companies. This ability to finish projects so efficiently makes ApogeeInvent extremely lucrative to work with and allows them to compete in the swiftly evolving arena of online technology and marketing.

Apogee Design Inc.

2183 Fairview Rd. Suite 221

Costa Mesa, CA 92627

949.200.7637

info@apogeeinvent.com

http://www.ApogeeInvent.com

###

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Tags: Accounting Management, Advanced Accounting, Announces, ApogeeInvent, Business, Costa Mesa Ca, Creatives, eAffiliatePRO, Hr Management, Launch, Launch Software, Marketing Technologies, New Business, New Software, November 11, Product Launch, Product Sellers, Professional Design, Profitable Companies, Prweb, Replication, Shopping Cart Technology, Software, Software Engineering, Software Package, Xmlns

Under SEO Technology

Source: http://autobloginformation.com/apogeeinvent-announces-new-business-launch-software-eaffiliatepro/

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?If they do not have to appreciation of whence we came, I doubt they will have to
appreciation of where we should be going.? ? Bryce?s Law p> INTRODUCTION p> I always find it amusing when I tell a young person in this industry that I worked with punch cards
and plastic templates years ago. It?s kind of the same
dumbfounded look I get from my kids when I tell them we used to watch
black and white television with three channels, no remote control,
station and sign offs at midnight It has been my observation that our younger
works do not have a sense of history;. Particularly this is apparent in the world
system. If they do not have to appreciation of whence we came,
I doubt they will have to appreciation of where we should be going. Consequently,
I have assembled the following chronology of events in the Hopes this
Will Provide some insight as to how the industry has evolved systems to its current state. p> I?m sure I could turn this into a lengthy dissertation but, instead, I will try to be brief
and to the point. Further, the following will have little concern for academic developments
but rather how systems have been implemented in practice
in the corporate world p> PRE-1950?S -. ?SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES? p> Perhaps the biggest revelation to our younger readers regarding this period
wants to be that there was any form of systems prior to the advent of the computer
. In fact, ?Systems and Procedures,? Department
predated the computer by several years. Web departments would be concerned with the
design of major business processes using ?work measurement? and ?work
simplification? techniques as derived from Industrial Engineering.
search processes were carefully designed using grid diagrams and flow charts. There
was great precision in the design of forms to record data, filing systems to manage
paperwork, and the use of summary reports to act as control points in
system. For example, spreadsheets have been extensively used for many years
prior to the introduction of Lotus 1-2-3 or Microsoft Excel. There was so
Considerable attention given to human behavior during the business
process (the precursor to ?ergonomics?). p> systems were initially implemented by using paper and pencil ledgers, journals
(logs), indexes, and spreadsheets. We have always had some
interesting filing systems, everything from cards and folders, to storage cabinets. p> Perhaps the earliest mechanical device was used for the ancient abacus
simple math (which is still used even to this day). The 1800?s saw the advent of cash registers and adding machines
as popularized by such companies as NCR in late
Dayton, Ohio under John Patterson, who then Introduced Sweeping changes in
terms of dress and business. This conduct was adopted by Thomas Watson, Sr.
who worked for many years at NCR and carried forward these practices to IBM
, and the rest of the corporate world So, Burroughs was a major player in the early
adding machine industry p> The first typewriters were then Introduced late in the 1800?s Which had a..
tremendous effect on correspondence and order processing. This was led by primar
Remington Arms (later to become Remington Rand). p> In the early 1900?s, tabulating equipment was Introduced to support such things as
census counting. This was then widely adopted by corporate America.
Occasionally you will run into old-timers who can describe how they could program such machines using plug boards punch card sorters were added as in adjunct to tabulating equipment
p> As a footnote, most of what IBM?s Watson learned about business was from..
his early days at NCR. However, he had a falling out with Patterson, who fired him
. As a small bit of trivia, after Watson died, he was buried in Dayton on a hilltop overlooking NCR headquarters, the company he could not conquer p> During World War II, both the U.S. military industrial complex and relied heavily on
manually implemented. systems. We did it so well that many people, including the Japanese
, contend it gave the Allies a competitive edge during the. was p> The lesson here, therefore, is that manually implemented systems have been with us long before
the computer and are still with us today To give you a sense of history
in this regard, consider one of our more popular Bryce?s Laws.: p> ?The first on-line, real-time, interactive, data base system which double-entry bookkeeping
Which was developed by the merchant of Venice in 1200 AD? One major development in this area was the work of Leslie ?Les? Matthies, the legendary dean of
system. Les graduated from the University of California at Berkeley during the
depression with a degree in Journalism. Being a writer, he tried his hand at
writing Broadway plays. But work was hard to come by during this period and
when World War II broke out, what Les recruited by an aircraft manufacturer in the midwest
systematizer to the production of aircraft. Relying on his experience
as a writer, he devised the ?Playscript? technique for writing
procedures. Basically, Les wrote a procedure like a script to a play, there was a section
to identify the procedure along with its purpose, a ?Setup? section to identify
the forms and files to be used during it;. and to ?Operations / Instructions? section
Which Described the ?actors? to perform the tasks using verbs and nouns
each operation to properly state He even went so far as to devise .
rules for writing ?if? statements p> For details on ?Play Script? see ?PRIDE? Special Subject Bulletin No.
38 -. ?The Language of Systems ?-? Aug. 22, 2005
http://www phmainstreet com/mba/ss050822 pdf p>? Play Script ?became a powerful procedure language and writing what used
extensively throughout the world. It is still an excellent way to write procedures
today. Ironically, Les did not know what a profound effect his technique
would have later on in the development of computer programs . p> 1950?S ? THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER p> Yes, I am aware that the ENIAC was developed for the military at the end of World War II
More importantly, the UNIVAC I (UNIVversal Automatic Computer)
what Introduced in 1951 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
The UNIVAC I was a mammoth machine that was originally developed for the U.S. Bureau
of the Census. Corporate America took notice of the computer and companies such as DuPont
in Wilmington, Delaware began to experiment with lineup to
it for commercial purposes. The Remington Rand Corporation sponsored the
project, but the company?s focus and name eventually changed to ?UNIVAC?
(today it is Referred to as ?UNISYS,? representing a merger of UNIVAC with
; Burroughs) p> The UNIVAC I offered a sophistication unmatched by other manufacturers, most notably IBM?s
Mach I tabulating equipment This caused IBM to invent
the seven hundred and first. and its 700th series Other manufacturers quickly joined the fray and
computing began to proliferate. Although UNIVAC was the pioneer in this regard
, they quickly lost market share due to the marketing muscle of
IBM. For quite some time what the industry Referred to as ?IBM &
the BUNCH? (Burroughs, Univac, NCR, CDC, and Honeywell). p> Programming the early machines was difficult as it was performed in a seemingly cryptic
Machine Language (the first generation language).
This eventually gave way to the Assembly Language (the second generation language) which was easier to read and understand. Not Regardless, many of
the utilities we take for granted today (eg, sorts and merges) simply were available and had
to be developed. In other words, programming was a laborious task
during this period. p> Recognizing both the limitations and potential of the computer, the 1950?s
Represented the age of experimentation for corporate America. Here, the emphasis was not
on implementing major systems through the computer, but rather
to develop an assortment of programs to test the machine as a
viable product. As such, programmers were considered odd characters who
maintained ?the black box,? and were not yet considered a part of the
mainstream of systems development. The ?system and Procedures Department
?still the lion?s share of Represented systems work in corporate America
, with an occasional foray to investigate the use of the computer.
The computer people were segregated into ?computer departments?
(later to be known as ?EDP? or ?Data Processing? departments) p> 1960?s -. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS p> ;. Competition between computer manufacturers heated up during this
decade, resulting in improvements in speed, capacity, and capabilities
Of importance here was the introduction of the much touted IBM 360
. (the number was selected to denote it was a comprehensive solution ?
360 degrees) Other computer vendors offered products with comparable performance
more, if not so, but the IBM 360 was widely adopted
by corporate America. p> The programming of computers was still a difficult task and, consequentially,
Procedural Languages ??Were Introduced (the third generation languages). In
actuality, these languages ??got their start in the late 1950?s, but the proliferation of computers
in the 1960?s triggered the adoption of procedural languages ??such
as COBOL, FORTRAN, and PL / 1 Interestingly, these languages ??were patterned after
Les Matthies? ?Playscript? technique Which made active use of verbs, nouns
, and ?if? statements. p> ;

The intent of the Procedural Languages ??was twofold: to simplify programming
by using more English-like languages, and, to create universal languages ??
hardware that would cross boundaries The first. Achieved goal which,
the second was not. If the languages ??were truly universal, it would mean that software would be
portable across all hardware configurations.
Manufacturers saw this as a threat ; making software truly portable
made the selection of hardware is irrelevant and, conceivably, customers could migrate away from
computer vendors in order to avoid this, small nuances were Introduced to
. The compilers for the Procedural Languages ??Thereby negating the concept of portability
. This issue would be ignored for many years until the advent of the
Java programming language. p> The So 1960?s saw the introduction of the Data Base Management System
(DBMS). Search products were originally designed as file access methods for
Bill of Materials Processing (BOMP) as used in manufacturing. The ?DBMS?
designation actually came afterwards. Early pioneers in this area included
Charlie Bachman of GE with his Integrated Data Store (IDS) which operated under
primar Honeywell GCOS configurations , Tom Richley
of Cincom Systems TOTAL developed for Champion Paper, and; IBM?s BOMP
products and DBOMP In 1969, IBM IMS Introduced Which became their flagship DBMS product for
. several years. p> With the exception of IMS, the early offerings were based on a DBMS
Which network model performed processing chain. IMS, on the other hand
what a hierarchical model involving tree-processing. p> Realizing that programming and data access was becoming easier and
being enhanced computer performance, companies now wanted to capitalize
on this technology. As a result, corporate America embarked on the era of
?Management Information System? (MIS) which were large systems
Aimed at Automating business processes across the enterprise. These were
Efforts major system development that challenged both management and technical expertise
. p> It was the MIS that married ?Systems and Procedures? departments with
computing / EDP ??departments and transformed into the combined organization
the ?MIS? department. This was a major milestone in the history of systems.
The system people had to learn about computer technology and the programmers? ;. br /> had to learn about business systems p> Recognizing that common data elements were used to produce the various reports produced from
at MIS, it started to become obvious that data should be shared and reused
in order to eliminate redundancy, and to promote
system integration and data consistent results. Consequently,
Data Management (DM) organizations were started, the first being the Quaker Oats Company in
Chicago, Illinois in 1965. The original DM organizations were patterned after
Inventory Control Department where the various components were uniquely
identified, shared and cross -referenced. To assist in this regard, such organizations
made use of the emerging DBMS technology. Unfortunately, many organizations DM
lost sight of their original charter and, instead, became obsessed with the DBMS. Data as used and maintained outside of the computer what
erroneously considered irrelevant. Even worse, the DBMS was used as
nothing more than an elegant access method by programmers . Consequently,
data redundancy system plagued almost immediately and the opportunity to share and reuse data
was lost. This is a serious problem that Persists in
companies to this day. p> 1970?s ? AWAKENING p> Although the MIS movement was noble and ambitious in intent, it floundered
due to the size and complexity of the task at hand. Many MIS projects suffered from false starts and
botched implementations. This resulted in a period where
a series of new methods, tools and techniques were Introduced to reign in these huge
development efforts. p> The first was the introduction of the ?methodology? which provided a road map
or handbook on how to successfully implement
systems development projects. This was pioneered by MBA with its ?PRIDE? methodology to
1971st Although the forte of ?PRIDE? was how to build systems, it was initially
used for nothing more than documentation and as a means to manage projects.
Following ?PRIDE? what John Toellner?s Spectrum I SDM/70
methodology and software from Atlantic. Several CPA based methodologies followed thereafter. p> So

during this time, mainframe-based project management system were coming into vogue
including Nichols N5500, PAC from International Systems,
PC/70 from Atlantic and software. p> The early methodologies and Project Management Systems give evidence of
the orientation system of departments of that time: a heavy emphasis on Project Management
Unfortunately, it was a fallacy that what Project Management
the problem, instead people simply did not know how to design and build systems
in a uniform manner As companies eventually learned,
Project management is useless without a clear road map for how. to build something. p> In the mid-to late-1970?s several papers and books were published on how to productively design software
Thus marking the beginning of the ?Structured
Programming ?movement. This was a large body of work that included such luminaries as programming
Barry Boehm, Frederick P. Brooks, Larry Constantine, Tom DeMarco
, Edsger Dijkstra, Chris Gane Michael A. Jackson, Donald E. Knuth, Glenford J. Myers
, Trish Sarson, Jean Dominique Warnier, Generald M. Weinberg,
Ed Yourdon, as well as many others. Although their techniques were found useful for developing software
, it led to confusion in the field
differentiating between systems and software. To many, they were synonymous. In reality, they are
not. is subordinate to change software systems, but the growing emphasis on programming what
causing a in perspective. p> The only way systems communicate internally or externally to other systems
; is through shared data, it is the cohesive bond that holds systems (and software) together
This resulted in the introduction of the Data Dictionary Technology Again, this was pioneered by
MBA with.. its ?PRIDE? methodology (which included a manually implemented
Data Dictionary) and later with its ?PRIDE?-LOGIK product in
1974th This was followed by Synergetics? Data Catalogue, Data Manager from
Management Software Products (MSP), by Arthur Andersen and Lexicon & Company. p> The intent of the data dictionaries to uniquely identify and track what where
data was used in a company?s systems. They included features for Maintaining
documentation, impact analysis (to allow the studying of a proposed change),
and redundancy checks. ?PRIDE?-LOGIK had the added nuance of cataloging
all of the system components, Thereby making it an invaluable aid for
design and documentation purposes. p> The Data Dictionary was also a valuable tool for controlling
DBMS products and, as such, several adjunct products were Introduced, such as UCC-10,
DB / DC data dictionary, and the Integrated Data Dictionary (IDD) from Cullinet Unlike the other general purpose data dictionaries, these products were limited
to the confines of the DBMS and did not effectively track data outside of their scope
.. p> DBMS packages proliferated during this period with many new products being Introduced
including ADABAS, Image, Model 204, and from IDMS
Cullinet (which was originally produced at BF Goodrich) .
All were based on the network-model for file access Which was finally adopted as industry standard to
(CODASYL). p> There were a few other notable innovations Introduced, including IBM?s Business Systems Planning
(GNP) which attempted to devise a plan for
the types of systems a company needed to.
operate Several other comparable offerings were Introduced shortly thereafter . Interestingly, many companies invested heavily in developing
systems such plans, yet very few actually implemented them
. p> Program generator were also Introduced during this period. This included
report writers that could interpret data and became a natural part of the repertoire of
DBMS products. It also included products that could generate
program source code (COBOL predominantly) from specifications .
This included products such as System-80 (Phoenix Systems), Genasys (Generation
Sciences), and JASPOL (J-system of Japan), to mention but a few. p> So MBA Introduced a generator of its own in 1979 ? a system generator
initially named ADF (Automated Design Facility) which could automatically
whole system design, complete with an integrated data .
base based on information requirements submitted by a Systems Analyst, ADF
interacted with the ?PRIDE?-LOGIK data dictionary to design new systems and, where appropriate modify
existing systems. Because of its link to LOGIC, ADF
emphasized the need to share and reuse information resources.
Not only was it useful as a design tool but it was a convenient tool for documenting
existing systems. The only drawback was that the ADF to the mindset of the industry what
shifting from systems to software. Consequently, program generators
captured the imagination of the industry as opposed to ADF. p> The increase in computer horsepower, coupled with new programming tools and techniques
, caused a shift in perspective in MIS organizations. Now,
search departments became dominated by programmers, not systems.
PeopleSoft It was here that the job titles ?Systems Analyst? and ?Programmer?
were married to form a new title of ?Programmer / Analyst? with the emphasis being on
programming and not on front-end design systems.
Many managers falsely believed that developers were not being productive unless they were
programming. Instead of ? Ready, Aim, Fire ?became the trend,? Fire, Aim, Ready
. ? p> Data Management organizations floundered during this period with the exception of Data
Base Administrators (DBA?s) who were considered the
hand-maidens of the DBMS. p> The proliferation of software during this decade was so great that it gave rise to the
packaged software industry. This went far beyond
computer utilities and programming tools.
It included whole system for banking, insurance and manufacturing. As a result, companies were inclined to
purchase and install these systems as opposed to reinventing the wheel
. Among their drawbacks though was that they normally required
tailoring to satisfy the customer?s needs Which Represented
modification to the program source code. Further, the customer?s data requirements had to be considered
to assure there were no conflicts in how the customer
used and assigned data. After the package had been installed, the customer what
. faced with the ongoing problem of modifying and enhancing the system
to suit their ever-changing needs p> 1980?s ? THE TOOL-ORIENTED APPROACH p> As big iron grew during the 1960?s and 1970?s, computer manufacturers
identified the need for smaller computers to be used by small to medium-sized businesses
. In the 1970?s, people were skeptical of their usefulness but by the 1980?s their power and sophistication caused the ?mini? computer
to gain in popularity as either a general purpose business machine or dedicated to a specific system
Among the most popular of the ?mini? computers were: p> IBM?s System 36/38 series (which led to the AS/400) DEC PDP Series (which gave way to the DEC VAX / VMS) Hewlett-Packard?s HP-3000 series with MPEData General Eclipse series with The competition was fierce AOSPRIME

in the ?mini? market Which resulted in
Considerable product improvements and better value to the customer.
instrumental to the success of the mini was the adoption of UNIX as
developed by Bell Labs, a powerful multi-user, multitasking operating system that eventually
which if adopted by most, not all, mini manufacturers. p>

But the major development in computer hardware was not the mainframe, the mini
normal, it was the ?micro? Which was first popularized by computer
Apple in the late 1970?s IBM. countered with the its personal computer (PC)
in the early 1980?s. At first, the microscope was considered nothing more than a curiosity
but it quickly gained in popularity due to its inexpensive cost, and a variety of ?apps? for word processing, spreadsheets, graphics, desktop publishing and
This caught on like wildfire as micros spread through
corporate desktops like the plague. . p> By the mid-1980?s the ?micro? (most notably the PC) had gained in power and sophistication
. So much so that a series of graphical based products were used for software development in support of the Structured Programming
movement of the 1970?s search tools were dubbed ?CASE? (Computer Aided Software Engineering
) which allowed developers to draw their favorite software
diagramming technique without pencil and paper. CASE Early pioneers included
Technology Index, Knowledgeware, Visible Systems, Texas Instruments
, and Nastec, as well as many others. CASE tools took the industry by storm
with just about every MIS organization purchasing a copy for either
experimental use or for full application development. As popular as the tools
were initially, there is little evidence they produced any major systems but, instead
, helped in the design of a single program. p> Recognizing the potential of the various CASE tools IBM in the late 1980?s devised to
integrated development environment that included IBM?s products as well as
third parties, and entitled it ?AD / Cycle.? However, IBM quickly
ran into problems with the third party vendors in terms of agreeing on technical standards
that would enable to integrated environment. Consequently, the product ran aground
not long after it was launched. In fact, the prosperity of the CASE market was short-lived as customers failed to realize the savings
and productivity benefits as touted by the vendors
By the early 1990?s, the market in which CASE. sharp decline. p> Instead, companies turned to Programmer Workbenches
Which included an all-in-one set of basic tools for programming, such as editing, testing,
; and debugging Microsoft and Micro Focus Particularly did well in offering such products
p> Data Base Management Systems so took a noticeable turn in the 1980?s with the
.. advent of ?relational? products involving tables and keys.
The concept of the ?relational? model was originally developed by IBM Fellow and mathematician
Edgar (Ted) Codd in a paper from 1970th The concept of a relational DBMS was superior to the earlier hierarchical and network models in terms
of ease of use The problem resided in the amount of
computer horsepower needed to make it work. ArticlesBase. html ?onclick =? _gaq. ArticlesBase. com / computers-articles / ?title =? Computers Articles ?> computer a> >

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Tim Bryce is the Managing Director of M. Bryce & Associates (MBA) of Palm Harbor, Florida and has 30 years of experience in the field. He is available for training and consulting on an international basis.
He can be contacted at: timb001@phmainstreet.com

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Tags: Development, history, Short, systems

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By : Stephanie J. Peters ??
Submitted 2011-06-30 05:03:43

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